Non GamStop Casinos No Deposit Bonus: UK Player Rights & Refunds

Non GamStop casinos pull in players with a simple promise: register, pick up a no deposit bonus, and play without the UK self-exclusion scheme tagging along. The free spins land, the slots spin, and somewhere on the terms page the real story begins. Cross the wrong line and you start chasing a payout that nobody wants to authorise.

This guide covers the mechanics of no deposit bonuses at non GamStop operators, the legal side of reclaiming money, and the practical steps you can take when a casino decides to keep your winnings. The focus is on rights, not hype. If you want to know whether a no deposit bonus is actually worth your email address, read on.

Pay attention to the fine print, because that is where the operator makes its money. A no deposit bonus is not a gift, it’s a acquisition tool. When you understand how the tool works, you can use it. When you do not, it uses you.

The Catch Behind Every No Deposit Bonus

No deposit offers from non GamStop casinos look generous on the surface. You get spins or bonus cash for nothing more than creating an account. The statistical reality is less friendly. Operators set terms that shift the expected value in their favour, and most players never notice.

The good news is that these terms are predictable. Once you know which clauses to inspect, you can separate a fair bonus from a glorified marketing sticker. The bad news: even fair-looking terms can hide a brutal wagering requirement.

Wagering Requirements

Wagering, or rollover, is the number of times you must bet the bonus amount before you can withdraw. A common figure at non GamStop sites is 35x to 60x. If you receive £10 of bonus cash with a 40x requirement, you need to wager £400. That is not a typo.

At a slot with a 96% return-to-player (RTP), £400 of staking carries an expected loss of £16. Your bonus was £10, so on a pure mathematical basis the offer is negative. That is why so many bonus balances evaporate before withdrawal.

Many operators apply the wagering requirement to the bonus plus deposit, even though you did not deposit. The wording “deposit plus bonus” is a red flag. It inflates the required stake and drags you deeper into the session.

Game Contributions

Not all games contribute equally to wagering. Slots from NetEnt, React Gaming and Hacksaw often count at 100%, but table games can be capped at 10% or 5%. If you try to clear a bonus with blackjack, the requirement effectively multiplies by ten.

Some live casino titles are excluded entirely. Evolution’s live roulette and live blackjack usually appear on the excluded list. The best way to check is the game’s terms page rather than the bonus terms page, because operators often keep this detail buried.

Pragmatic and Microgaming slots are typically the safest way to clear wagering. Their RTP values are published, and most count 100%. Find the game with the highest RTP that still contributes fully, because the gap between 94% and 97% matters over a few hundred spins.

Max Cashout and Sticky Credits

The max cashout clause is the one that gets most players after a big win. An operator may cap a no deposit bonus at £50 or £100. Even if you spin £10 of free credits up to £800, you walk away with the cap.

Sticky bonuses are another trap. A sticky bonus is not withdrawable; it stays on the account and only the profit above the sticky amount can be cashed out. Suppose you get £20 sticky, win £150, and manage to clear wagering. The operator treats £20 as their money and lets you withdraw £130. Fine, but some stickiness means you risk your own funds after any deposit, because the bonus cannot be removed.

Read the phrase “bonus is non-withdrawable” in context. It can refer to the original bonus amount or every cent associated with it. The latter is rare, but it exists. If it does, the base offer value drops to nearly zero.

KYC and Verification Delays

Non GamStop casinos are external to the UK’s regulatory system, so their customer due diligence is not aligned with British standards. In practice they still ask for ID, proof of address, and sometimes a selfie with a card. The delay can last days, and a staff member might quietly wait until the bonus expires.

Your defence is simple. Complete verification before you start playing. Upload your passport and utility bill immediately after registration. If the casino does not verify you within 48 hours, send a follow-up through their live chat and save the transcript.

You should also record the date and time of every bonus request. Screenshots of the bonus landing and the terms page are evidence later. In a refund dispute, evidence beats memory every time.

The Legal Crossroads: UK, Curacao and GlüStV

The legal status of non GamStop casinos is better described as “less regulated” rather than “illegal”. They are licensed in jurisdictions like Curacao, Anjouan, or in rare cases Malta. They can operate outside the UK Gambling Act, but they cannot guarantee the same level of consumer protection.

UK consumer law may still follow the player, not the operator’s licence. This is a subtle point. If a non GamStop casino targets UK players with a no deposit bonus, it is engaging in a commercial relationship subject to English contract law and the Consumer Rights Act 2015. The hard part is enforcement across borders.

This is where the German GlüStV becomes relevant. The Glücksspielstaatsvertrag was designed to regulate all forms of gambling in Germany. German courts used it to rule that unlicensed operators must return certain losses to players. The non GamStop casino did not care about a German law, but they did care when their payment processor was forced to reverse transactions.

Why Non GamStop Operators Are Not All Offshore

Some platforms in the non GamStop circle hold licences from the Gambling Commission but still allow players to exclude themselves only via self-exclusion, not GamStop. That is a different legal animal. A UK-licensed operator is answerable to the Commission and to the Independent Betting Adjudication Service (IBAS).

Genuine offshore sites, usually Curacao-licensed, do not fall under IBAS. Their complaints procedure is internal, and if that fails, your options shrink. Still, the Curacao eGaming Master Licence does require an operator to honour valid withdrawals. The problem is getting an official response from Curacao when the operator disappears.

Before you spin a no deposit bonus, check the footer of the website. If the licence number is from Curacao, treat the payout promise as a commercial gamble. If the licence is from the UK, check the GamStop link in the footer; some UK-licensed sites intentionally exclude themselves from the central scheme. In that case, a full UK licence is actually a stronger consumer guarantee.

The German GlüStV and the Rückforderung Principle

Money claimed back from a gambling operator is sometimes described by the German term Rückforderung. In German legal practice, Rückforderung refers to the restitution of sums that were obtained unlawfully. Several German courts examined offshore operators exactly along these lines.

The GlüStV 2021 established that online casino games offered without a German licence are unlawful by default. Consequently, players argued that deposit contracts were void and demanded returns. Some tribunals agreed, forcing operators into settlement or demanding chargebacks from payment providers.

For UK players, the principle is more useful than the precedent. A contractual term that is unfair under the Consumer Rights Act 2015 is not binding. If an operator refuses to pay a no deposit win because of a clause you never saw, that clause can be challenged as unfair. You do not need a German statute; you need evidence that the term violates UK consumer law.

What This Means for UK Players

Your right to reclaim money does not depend on the operator’s goodwill. It depends on the legal basis of your claim. The most straightforward basis is a refused withdrawal of funds that you won under the published bonus terms. Another basis is a chargeback, which is not a legal judgment but a payment dispute.

Non GamStop casinos know this. That is why their terms include broad rights to void bonuses, cancel accounts and adjust balances. The key is whether those rights can be exercised after you have played according to the rules. The operator cannot invent a rule after the fact and apply it to your benefit.

Keep a folder with your registration email, bonus terms, game history, and chats. Most disputes stall because the player cannot prove a simple sequence: offer, acceptance, play, win, refusal. Without that sequence, even the cleanest legal argument falls apart.

Player Rights: What You Can Actually Claim

The most common player rights at a non GamStop casino are reflected in their own terms. You have the right to withdraw your real-money winnings, the right to clear a bonus within the stated period, and the right to do so without being unreasonably blocked by KYC. In practice, these rights require somebody to enforce them.

You also have rights that come from outside the casino’s terms. English law prohibits businesses from unfairly penalising consumers. A clause that lets an operator keep your deposit for misuse of a no deposit bonus, when the misuse was unintentional and triggered by a vague rule, is likely unfair.

Think of the casino as a retailer. If a shop refuses to give you a refund because you misread a sign, you can escalate to a regulatory body. With gambling, the regulator may be in another country, but the consumer principle stays the same.

The Operator’s Complaints Procedure Is the First Door

Start with the formal complaints channel, not live chat. Most non GamStop casinos have an email address like complaints@casino.com or a support form. Using this channel creates a paper trail and forces a response within a certain time frame.

State your case in one page. Include your username, the bonus offer, the exact term that supports you, and a clear request: either pay the winnings or explain which clause was breached. Do not use aggressive language. Operators routinely cite hostile emails when they later close an account.

Send the complaint to both the casino email and live chat, then wait. If no response arrives in 14 days, move to the next step. A 14-day wait is long enough for an operator to be aware but still ignore you; the silence itself becomes another piece of evidence.

ADR: When It Works and When It Does Not

Alternative dispute resolution for non GamStop casinos is scarce. UK-licensed operators often belong to ADR providers, but offshore sites do not. If your casino mentions an ADR service in its terms, use it. You have nothing to lose except a few minutes of form filling.

IBAS handles UK-licensed disputes, including cases related to free spins and bonus errors. For Curacao-licensed sites, the regulator has a website where you can lodge a complaint, but its powers are limited. Payment providers often treat a complaint to Curacao as a factor when a chargeback is disputed.

Check your deposit method. If you deposited via a wallet like Skrill or Neteller, the wallet provider may have its own disputes process. Mastercard and Visa have specific procedures for unauthorised transactions, but they do not cover ordinary bonus disputes. ADR is a bridge, not a destination.

Chargeback Under the Payment Regulations

A chargeback is not a refund. It is a payment dispute that reverses a card transaction when the merchant fails to provide the service purchased. For a no deposit bonus, you bought nothing, so a chargeback might seem impossible. In practice, players use chargebacks when the casino refuses to release winnings that were earned from a deposit later used to play the bonus.

The key is to make the merchant’s behaviour the ground for the dispute. You paid money, the casino agreed to return it under theterms of the bonus, and then refused without a valid reason, that is a breach of contract. That breach is the basis of a chargeback. Call your card issuer, explain that the merchant accepted your money and then failed to deliver the agreed service, and ask for a transaction reversal. Some banks are quick to file, others will want a paper trail. Send the bank the complaint you lodged at the casino, the bonus terms, and screenshots of the refusal. It is not a guarantee, but it shifts the burden onto the operator to prove you breached the rules.

Now, the uncomfortable truth: chargebacks are not designed for gambling losses, and repeated use can get your card blocked by some issuers. But for a genuine refusal to pay a valid win, they remain one of the few tools that actually get an offshore operator’s attention. Even the perception of a chargeback risk makes payment processors scrutinise a casino account, because they do not want to swallow the cost either. One or two successful reversals can make a casino suddenly remember how to respond to emails.

How to File a Refund Claim Against a Non GamStop Casino

If you decide to pursue a refund, treat it like a small claims case. The process is methodical, and every step has a purpose. First, calculate the precise amount you want back. If you lost £200 after redeeming a no deposit bonus and later depositing £100, decide whether you are claiming only the deposit or the net losses. Be realistic; you cannot claim losses that were funded by the bonus itself.

Second, write a formal demand letter. Keep it under one page, state the facts in chronological order, cite the specific term you relied on, and give a deadline for payment, usually 14 days. Send it to every email address you can find, including the compliance team if one exists, and copy the payment provider. The tone should be matter-of-fact, not emotional.

Third, after the deadline passes, escalate. If the casino is licensed in Curacao, file a complaint with the Curacao eGaming licensing authority. The form takes ten minutes, and even a generic acknowledgement email is proof that you exhausted the operator’s internal channel. Then contact your bank or wallet provider with the chargeback. If the casino is part of an ADR scheme, submit the claim there as well. Stack the pressure.

What the Terms Never Tell You

There is one clause that appears in almost every non GamStop no deposit bonus and never gets the attention it deserves: the casino’s right to terminate the promotion at any time. Operators reserve the right to withdraw the bonus, adjust the wagering requirements, or void your winnings if they decide you have “abused” the system, and the definition of abuse is left to their discretion. That is not a fair term under UK consumer law, but arguing that in front of a Curacao arbiter is a long shot.

The real defence is to act before the term is applied. You cannot stop an operator from voiding a bonus, but you can make it expensive for them to do so by documenting everything. When you see a bonus land in your account, take a screenshot. When you open the terms page, save the URL and the date. When you make a bet, export the game history. This costs you five minutes and turns a he-said-she-said dispute into a file an ADR service can actually review.

Consider also that some operators wait until you hit the max cashout threshold before they discover an “irregularity” in your play. A common pattern is to let you win £150, then claim that the bonus was not eligible for progressive jackpots or that you violated the maximum bet rule. The maximum bet rule, often set at £5 per spin, is the easiest trap to fall into. A single accidental £6 spin voids the entire bonus. Do not assume that the bonus plays exactly like normal money. Play small, stay under the cap, and never switch to high-variance slots from Hacksaw or Pragmatic until you have read the specific game restrictions.

Comparing No Deposit Offers: Offshore vs UK-Licensed

The no deposit bonus market on non GamStop sites is not as rich as it looks. A quick scan of popular offshore forums shows that most offers are between 20 and 50 free spins, with a wagering requirement of 40x to 60x and a max cashout of £50 or £100. UK-licensed casinos, by contrast, offer no deposit bonuses of £10 or 20 spins, but they come with GamStop checks and stricter affordability checks.

Here is the trade-off. A UK-licensed brand like William Hill or Betway gives you IBAS adjudication and a clear path to refund if the operator misbehaves. A non GamStop operator like Mystake or NineWin gives you access even if you are self-excluded, but you trade away nearly all independent oversight. The bonus may be larger in nominal terms, but the effective value after wagering is often negative.

To make this concrete, look at the following comparison of typical no deposit offers from both categories. The data reflects publicly advertised terms in early 2026 and is presented for illustration, not as a current offer.

The pattern is obvious. Offshore operators offer more spins but worse rollover and tighter caps. A £20 bonus at NineWin needs £1,200 in wagering before you can withdraw. Spin through £1,200 on a 96% RTP game and your expected loss is £48. The bonus does not even cover the house edge. This is why the phrase “free money” in the non GamStop world means “you will almost certainly lose.”

Which Operators Actually Pay No Deposit Winnings?

From what players report across forums, the difference in payout behaviour is more about speed than outright refusal. UK-licensed operators like 32Red and Casumo process withdrawals within 24 hours after verification. Non GamStop operators on the Curacao licence routinely take five to ten business days, and some drag it out to three weeks. That delay is a feature, not a bug. They hope you will redeposit and gamble the money back before it turns into cash.

Some offshore brands have built a reputation for honouring no deposit wins. Videoslots, despite being Malta-licensed and not in the GamStop system, is generally known for quick payouts. On the darker side, a handful of Curacao operators have a history of closed accounts after a no deposit win. The pattern: you win £80, request withdrawal, and within a day the casino “notices” you were playing from a restricted country or that your IP is behind a proxy. The evidence is often fabricated.

Your only shield is to play from the country you actually registered in, use a stable IP address, and never mix a VPN with a bonus. If an operator tells you that your IP address triggered a restriction, ask them to provide the IP timestamp from their logs. If they refuse, your chargeback case strengthens considerably.

When a No Deposit Win Becomes a Refund Nightmare

Let us walk through a scenario that happens thousands of times a year. You register at a non GamStop casino, claim 50 free spins, and win £140. The wagering requirement is 40x, so you need to stake £2,000. You deposit £50 to speed up the process, play through a mix of NetEnt and Pragmatic slots, clear the requirement, and request a withdrawal of £190. The next day the casino emails you: “Your bonus was used in breach of the maximum bet rule. As a result, your winnings have been voided.”

You look at your game history and find one spin of £5.50. The maximum allowed across all spins was £5. You were not paying attention. The entire bonus plus £70 of your own money is gone.

This is precisely where the refund claim starts. The casino argues that you breached the rule. You argue that the rule was neither displayed in the bonus pop-up nor easy to locate in the terms. Under UK consumer law, a contractual term that is not transparent and causes a significant detriment is potentially unfair. Whether a court would agree is a separate matter, but the argument is legitimate.

The table shows the weak points on both sides. The casino’s position rests on a contract term you likely never read. Yours rests on the concept of good faith, which does not always translate neatly across jurisdictions. If you want to push the dispute, the first email should cite the specific clause, ask for their session logs, and request a copy of your signed acceptance of the terms. If they cannot produce a record of you clicking “I agree,” that alone may be enough to sway a bank’s chargeback investigation.

Reporting to Gambling Commission or Curacao: Does It Help?

If the casino is UK-licensed, a report to the Gambling Commission is a real threat. The Commission cares about operator conduct, and every complaint goes into the record. Since 2022, the Commission has also required operators to prove that their bonus policies are socially responsible. A casino that voids a bonus on a technicality can find itself facing a compliance review. You may not earn your money back this way, but you raise the cost of doing business.

For Curacao-licensed sites, the complaint route is weaker. The Curacao Gaming Control Board has a public portal, but it is underfunded and slow. Operators in Curacao are rarely fined for player disputes. The real pressure point is the payment processor. When you file a chargeback, the processor sets aside the disputed amount from the casino’s reserve and investigates. That investigation costs the casino time and fees. If the processor sees a pattern, they may terminate the casino’s processing agreement. That is why the chargeback route hurts more than a consumer complaint.

Do not ignore the jurisdiction gap. An operator that targets UK players from a Curacao licence is in a grey zone. The UK Gambling Act does not apply to them, but UK consumer protection law arguably does. The practical implication is that a court in London can rule against the casino, and the casino may ignore it. That is a sobering thought. Yet the process still matters, because a court order or ADR award can be served on the casino’s payment processor, and the processor will freeze funds accordingly.

The Role of Payment Providers in Recovering Losses

Your first call should be to your card issuer or e-wallet provider. Visa, Mastercard, Skrill, and Neteller each have specific dispute windows, typically 120 days from the transaction date. That deadline is unforgiving. If you discover a problem a week later, you may still be inside the window; if you wait two months, you are out of luck.

Skrill and Neteller have an added complication. They are not banks, and they do not charge back for gambling losses. However, they do act on a “merchant breach of terms” claim. If the casino explicitly promised no GamStop verification and then excluded you because you are registered on GamStop, that is a breach of a promise, and the wallet may consider a refund. Always present the claim in terms of service failure, not gambling losses.

Bank transfers are even messier. A direct bank transfer to a casino’s corporate account offers no meaningful protection. You can attempt to recall the payment only if there was fraud, which is a difficult sell. The lesson is simple: if you play at a non GamStop casino, use a card or e-wallet, not a bank transfer.

The Pragmatic Guide to Playing Non GamStop No Deposit Bonuses

You can improve the odds of actually keeping a no deposit win by following a few rules that most bonus hunters ignore. First, create a separate email address for casino registration. This prevents spam but also makes it easier to track the terms and offers. Second, do not activate a no deposit bonus until you have read the full pages of the casino, not just the pop-up. Third, decide in advance what you will do with the winnings: cash out or play on. Do not let the interface decide for you.

Set a hard budget for playing after the bonus. Say you have £40 of bonus funds and a 30x wagering requirement. To clear it, you need £1,200 of stakes. With RTP at 96%, your expected loss is £48. That means you should not deposit more than £30 to clear the bonus, because anything beyond that is likely to be lost. This is not a guarantee; variance can make you a winner. But it frames the bonus in terms of expected cost, not daydreams of a cash-out.

Also consider the network of casinos from the same ownership group. A non GamStop operator often runs several sister sites, and your account at one may be duplicated at another. If you hold multiple no deposit bonuses across these sites, you can find yourself blocked on all of them at once. Operators share player databases. This is not illegal, but it is worth remembering when you try to create a second account for a promotional offer.

Signs That a Casino Is Not Worth Your Time

Some red flags should send you away before you claim a single spin. If the bonus terms state that the maximum cashout is “unlimited,” treat it with suspicion. Unlimited cashout is rare and often accompanied by the right to void winnings for any reason. If the casino is licensed in a jurisdiction you have never heard of, like the Anjouan Islands, check whether the regulator has a working website. Many fake licences are nothing more than a PNG file on the casino’s footer.

Another sign is a no deposit bonus that arrives without a wagering requirement. No legitimate casino offers that, because it is free money that players would withdraw immediately. If you see it, the operator is likely testing players for fraud and will ask for document after document, then close the account before payout. A 10x or 20x wagering requirement is more plausible.

Check the casino’s withdrawal methods. If they only offer bank transfer and refuse web wallets, prepare for a long wait. The best options are Visa and Skrill, which have consumer-facing dispute mechanisms. If the casino supports them, that is a positive signal. If it only accepts cryptocurrencies, you have no recourse at all; crypto transactions are irreversible.

What to Do If You Are on GamStop and Want to Play

This is the reason most players search for non GamStop casinos. You are self-excluded for a reason, and no deposit bonus is not worth undoing that protection. Yet if you are serious about playing, look for a platform that, while not on GamStop, still has a responsible gambling section with time-outs and deposit limits. Some Curacao-licensed operators have started adding these features voluntarily. Use them.

There is also a legal nuance. Being on GamStop does not make it illegal to play at a non GamStop casino. The penalty, if any, is a ban from that operator’s future service, not a criminal fine. Operators in Curacao have no legal obligation to prevent you from gambling, even if you have self-excluded in the UK. Some do believe they are acting ethically by excluding anyone who mentions GamStop, but they are not required to.

The question you have to ask yourself is not whether you can play, but whether you can control it. If you are on GamStop because you lost money you could not afford, a no deposit bonus from Mystake is the last thing you need. If your exclusion was a minor reset after a big win, the calculus is different. Either way, know the boundary between a leisure activity and a compensation mechanism. The casino does not care which side of that line you are on.

Alternative Refund Routes You Have Not Tried

If the casino refuses to pay and your chargeback is rejected, there are still options. One is to report the operator to the UK Information Commissioner’s Office, but only if the casino mishandled your personal data. Many offshore casinos hold your passport and proof of address without any data security certification. That is a GDPR concern. You can file a complaint with the ICO, and while the ICO cannot compell a Curacao casino, it can put pressure on the operator’s hosting provider or payment gateway based in the UK.

Another route is to contact the domain registrar. A casino with a .com domain operates under the registrar’s terms. If the casino is engaging in misleading advertising, you can report it for a domain suspension. This is a long shot, but it adds hassle to an operator who is already ignoring you.

Then there is the legal option: a letter before action under the Consumer Rights Act 2015. You can draft a formal claim form for the small claims court. The fee starts at £35 for claims up to £300. If the casino does not respond to the court papers, you get a default judgment. Enforcement is the problem, but a default judgment can be registered and used to freeze bank accounts in the UK if the casino has a branch here. Few do. Still, some operators settle immediately when they receive court paperwork, because the reputational cost of a public judgment outweighs the payout.

Summing Up the Non GamStop No Deposit Reality

Non GamStop no deposit bonuses are not a scam, but they are also not the free ride that marketing makes them out to be. The wagering requirements are steeper, the max cashouts are tighter, and the legal protections are thinner. For a player who understands the house edge and treats the bonus as a short-term promotion, there is value. For everyone else, the bonus becomes a lead magnet that funnels money to the operator.

The most important takeaway is not the size of the bonus, but the clarity of the terms. A no deposit bonus with a 30x rollover is genuinely valuable if you can clear it on high-RTP slots. A no deposit bonus with a 60x rollover and a £50 cashout cap is a trap. Spend an extra ten minutes comparing terms before you register.

And if you do win, remember that your money is not yours until the betting provider releases it. That delay is where disputes are born. Keep records, be polite, and use the legal tools you have. You may not force a Curacao casino to pay a £75 jackpot, but you can make it cheaper for them to ignore you than to pay you. That is the kind of leverage that works.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is a non GamStop casino no deposit bonus? It is a promotional offer from an online casino that is not part of the UK’s GamStop self-exclusion programme. You get free spins or bonus cash without making a deposit. The bonus is subject to wagering requirements and max cashout limits, just like any other promotion.

Can I withdraw winnings from a no deposit bonus at a non GamStop casino? Yes, but only after you meet the wagering requirements and stay under the maximum cashout cap. The casino also requires full KYC verification before processing the withdrawal. Some operators deliberately delay this to discourage you, so submit your documents early.

How do I claim a refund if a non GamStop casino refuses to pay? Start by sending a formal complaint to the casino, then escalate to the Curacao regulator if the casino is licensed there, and finally file a chargeback with your card or e-wallet provider. Keep all documentation, including game history, bonus terms, and chat logs, to support your claim.

Is it legal to play at a non GamStop casino if I live in the UK? Yes, it is not illegal for you to play, but the operator is not licensed by the UK Gambling Commission. If you are on GamStop, you are violating the casino’s UK terms if they are a UK-licensed operator with GamStop, but for offshore casinos, the operator has no legal obligation to exclude you. The risk is a refund, not legal action.

What is the best way to clear wagering at a non GamStop casino? Use the highest RTP slot that counts 100% toward the wagering requirement, and always stay under the maximum bet limit. Slots from Pragmatic and NetEnt typically offer the best RTP. Check the game contribution table in the casino terms before you start playing.

A no deposit bonus is a tool, no more. Use it with the same caution you would apply to any financial instrument: know the terms, calculate the cost, and keep an exit route open. The gambling world has a term for people who skip that step. They are called the house edge.